Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (OATS) is a medical condition that affects male fertility. It is a combination of abnormalities in sperm count, sperm motility and sperm morphology as detailed below. It can be a significant cause of male infertility and impacts reproductive health by reducing the chances of conception.
Understanding OATS and Its Components
OATS is defined by the presence of three primary abnormalities in sperm:
- Oligozoospermia: Refers to a low number of sperm in the semen. Having fewer sperm reduces the likelihood of fertilisation and is a common aspect of male infertility.
- Asthenozoospermia: Indicates poor sperm motility, meaning that sperm movement is sluggish or ineffective, which prevents them from reaching and penetrating the egg.
- Teratozoospermia: Involves abnormal sperm shape (morphology). Sperm with improper structure may have difficulty in movement and in fusing with the egg.
Symptoms of OATS
Men with OATS often do not notice symptoms until they face challenges conceiving. Common symptoms include:
- Low Sperm Count: Significantly low sperm count can be diagnosed through a semen analysis, revealing male infertility issues.
- Physical Signs: Presence of a varicocele, a swelling of the veins within the scrotum, can be associated with OATS.
- Male Infertility: Difficulty in conceiving despite regular unprotected intercourse for over a year may indicate OATS.
Causes of OATS
OATS can stem from several factors:
- Genetic Factors: DNA abnormalities in sperm cells, defects in the Y chromosome and genetic disorders may contribute to the development of OATS. Genetic testing is often recommended to diagnose these conditions accurately.
- Lifestyle Factors: Habits such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, obesity and exposure to heat (e.g., hot showers or tight clothing) can negatively affect sperm health. By adjusting these lifestyle factors, the impact of OATS can be mitigated.
- Testicular and Hormonal Imbalances: Issues with the male reproductive system, like testicular trauma or hormonal imbalances, can lead to reduced sperm production and poor sperm quality.
Diagnostic Methods for OATS
Diagnosing OATS involves multiple tests and evaluations:
- Semen Analysis: The primary test for evaluating sperm health, it measures sperm count, motility and morphology. It’s crucial for diagnosing oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia and teratozoospermia.
- Blood Tests: Assess hormone levels to detect any hormonal imbalances contributing to male infertility.
- Genetic Tests: Identify DNA damage and genetic factors affecting sperm cells.
- Physical Examination: Includes scrotal ultrasound to check for abnormalities like varicocele.
Treatment Options for OATS
Treating OATS depends on its underlying causes:
- Hormonal Therapy: Used to correct hormonal imbalances that affect sperm production.
- Antioxidants: Supplements like Vitamin E help reduce oxidative stress, which can damage sperm.
- Surgical Interventions: Surgery, such as varicocele repair, can significantly improve sperm quality and motility.
Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) for OATS
When natural conception is challenging, ART methods are considered:
- ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection): Involves injecting a single sperm directly into the egg, which has a higher success rate for men with OATS.
- IVF (In Vitro Fertilisation): Combined with ICSI to increase fertilisation rates when sperm motility is compromised.
Lifestyle Changes and Their Impact on OATS
Improving lifestyle factors can enhance fertility outcomes:
- Diet and Antioxidants: Consuming antioxidant-rich foods and maintaining a balanced diet can enhance sperm health and improve motility.
- Avoiding Harmful Habits: Quitting smoking, reducing alcohol intake and avoiding excessive heat exposure are critical steps for men with OATS.
Varicocele and Its Role in OATS
A varicocele is one of the most common causes of OATS. It affects sperm production by creating heat and pressure within the scrotum, impacting sperm motility. Treatment options include surgical repair. A straightforward outpatient procedure can correct varicocele and improve fertility outcomes.
Long-term Outlook for Men with OATS
With early diagnosis and appropriate intervention, men with OATS can achieve positive fertility outcomes. Continuous monitoring and management, especially when using ART, are essential for maintaining reproductive health.
FAQs on OATS
What are the symptoms of OATS?
The primary symptom is male infertility. Physical signs may include a varicocele or abnormal semen analysis results.
How is OATS diagnosed?
OATS is diagnosed through semen analysis, blood tests for hormone levels, and genetic testing.
Can lifestyle changes improve OATS?
Yes, quitting smoking, reducing alcohol, and maintaining a healthy weight can significantly improve sperm parameters.
What are the treatment options for OATS?
Treatments include hormonal therapy, antioxidant supplements, surgery for varicocele and assisted reproductive techniques like ICSI.
Is OATS treatable?
Yes, with proper diagnosis and treatment, men with OATS can achieve fertility.
Conclusion
Early diagnosis and treatment of OATS are crucial for improving fertility outcomes. If you experience any symptoms or have difficulties conceiving, consult a healthcare provider for a comprehensive evaluation.
At Andrology Centre in Coimbatore, we offer various diagnostic options. In addition to the manual and AI semen analysis, we also conduct the DFI test, using the SCSA® (Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay) test method, as we are proud to state that we are the only laboratory in India authorised to carry out this test. We also offer additional blood tests, (hormone assays and serology tests), Semen Culture, ROS Test, Karyotyping, Sperm Aneuploidy Test and Y-chromosome Microdeletion, to help identify any issues. Our reports are standardised and assist the fertility specialist to guide you towards effective treatments.
